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Knowledge of the type and position of the neural population stimulated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is pivotal for a better understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms and for advancing a systematic targeting and dosage approach. We will provide evidence that realistic field modeling informed by individual structural MRI, combined with measurements of the elicited motor evoked potentials (MEPs) can help to pinpoint the stimulated brain region and reveal the stimulation depth. We will further show that field modeling can contribute to the understanding of the neural origin of inter-individual differences in MEP latencies.