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New particle formation (NPF) is a key process occurring in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Newly formed particles are an important source of aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) that influence clouds and climate. However, the distribution of these new particles at different altitudes has rarely been studied. In-situ measurements of ultrafine particles (UFP) observed at the ground level and at the top of the Canton Tower (454 m) located in downtown Guangzhou in southern China were analyzed, along with measurements of multiple meteorological and physicochemical quantities observed during a field campaign carried out from December 2019 to March 2020 and simulated with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-Chem) model. We found that turbulence and NPF characteristics vary considerably with height, with UFP concentrations diminishing by half from the surface to the tower top. This …