| The optimal growth of tropical sea surface temperature anomalies C Penland, PD Sardeshmukh Journal of climate 8 (8), 1999-2024, 1995 | 936 | 1995 |
| Stochastic parameterization: Toward a new view of weather and climate models J Berner, U Achatz, L Batte, L Bengtsson, A De La Camara, ... Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98 (3), 565-588, 2017 | 386 | 2017 |
| Prediction of Niño 3 sea surface temperatures using linear inverse modeling C Penland, T Magorian Journal of Climate 6 (6), 1067-1076, 1993 | 360 | 1993 |
| Random forcing and forecasting using principal oscillation pattern analysis C Penland Monthly Weather Review 117 (10), 2165-2185, 1989 | 306 | 1989 |
| A stochastic model of IndoPacific sea surface temperature anomalies C Penland Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 98 (2-4), 534-558, 1996 | 287 | 1996 |
| Prediction of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures using linear inverse modeling C Penland, L Matrosova Journal of Climate 11 (3), 483-496, 1998 | 268 | 1998 |
| Changes of probability associated with El Niño PD Sardeshmukh, GP Compo, C Penland Journal of Climate 13 (24), 4268-4286, 2000 | 232 | 2000 |
| A balance condition for stochastic numerical models with application to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation C Penland, L Matrosova Journal of climate 7 (9), 1352-1372, 1994 | 200 | 1994 |
| Forecasting Pacific SSTs: Linear inverse model predictions of the PDO MA Alexander, L Matrosova, C Penland, JD Scott, P Chang Journal of Climate 21 (2), 385-402, 2008 | 176 | 2008 |
| Adaptive filtering and maximum entropy spectra with application to changes in atmospheric angular momentum C Penland, M Ghil, KM Weickmann Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 96 (D12), 22659-22671, 1991 | 158 | 1991 |
| Multiplicative noise and non-Gaussianity: A paradigm for atmospheric regimes? P Sura, M Newman, C Penland, P Sardeshmukh Journal of the atmospheric sciences 62 (5), 1391-1409, 2005 | 151 | 2005 |
| How important is air–sea coupling in ENSO and MJO evolution? M Newman, PD Sardeshmukh, C Penland Journal of Climate 22 (11), 2958-2977, 2009 | 103 | 2009 |
| The role of stochastic forcing in modulating ENSO predictability M Flügel, P Chang, C Penland Journal of Climate 17 (16), 3125-3140, 2004 | 94 | 2004 |
| Variability in a mixed layer ocean model driven by stochastic atmospheric forcing MA Alexander, C Penland Journal of Climate 9 (10), 2424-2442, 1996 | 93 | 1996 |
| Need for caution in interpreting extreme weather statistics PD Sardeshmukh, GP Compo, C Penland Journal of Climate 28 (23), 9166-9187, 2015 | 92 | 2015 |
| Stochastic forcing of the wintertime extratropical flow M Newman, PD Sardeshmukh, C Penland Journal of the atmospheric sciences 54 (3), 435-455, 1997 | 88 | 1997 |
| Studies of El Niño and interdecadal variability in tropical sea surface temperatures using a nonnormal filter C Penland, L Matrosova Journal of climate 19 (22), 5796-5815, 2006 | 81 | 2006 |
| Fluctuating hydrodynamics and principal oscillation pattern analysis A García, C Penland Journal of statistical physics 64, 1121-1132, 1991 | 77 | 1991 |
| Forecasting Northern Hemisphere 700-mb geopotential height anomalies using empirical normal modes C Penland, M Ghil Monthly weather review 121 (8), 2355-2372, 1993 | 74 | 1993 |
| Changes of subseasonal variability associated with El Niño GP Compo, PD Sardeshmukh, C Penland Journal of climate 14 (16), 3356-3374, 2001 | 70 | 2001 |
