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In this study two different aspects of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) in locally induced murine streptococcal cell wall arthritis (SCW) were investigated. First, the kinetics and interdependence of TNF-α and IL-1 release; and second; their involvement in inflammation and cartilage destruction. Kinetic studies showed that the TNF-α peak level preceded the IL-1 peak level. However, in vivo neutralization of TNF-α did not result in decreased IL-1 bioactivity or immunoreactivity, suggesting that there is no dominant TNF-α-dependent IL-1 release in this model. Inflammation was studied by measuring knee joint swelling and inflammatory cell influx. Impact on cartilage was studied by measuring chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis and cartilage proteoglycan depletion. The role of TNF-α in these phenomena was investigated using anti-TNF-α antibodies and tumour necrosis factor binding protein …