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We present an overview of Gossypium genome evolution and the implications of this understanding for targeted breeding objectives. The cotton genus (Gossypium) contains more than 50 species distributed in arid to semiarid regions of the tropic and subtropics. Following the genus origin approximately 10–15 million years ago, a rapid global radiation leads to eight major genome groups (A through G and K) of diploids (n = 13). Allopolyploid cottons appeared within the last 1–2 million years, as a consequence of transoceanic dispersal of an A-genome taxon to the New World and subsequent hybridization with an indigenous D-genome diploid. The nascent allopolyploid radiated into three modern lineages of seven described species, including the agronomically important species G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. These two allopolyploids, together with two A-genome diploids from Africa-Asia, G. arboreum L …