Introduction New adjuvants have been developed to improve the efficacy of vaccines and for
dose-sparing capacity and may overcome immuno senescence in the elderly. We reviewed …

Highlights•Immune dysregulation is associated to the aging process.•Impaired immune
responses in the elderly do not constitute immunodeficiencies but selective states of …

Vaccination is the most effective measure to protect against infections. However, with
increasing age, there is a progressive decline in the ability of the immune system to both …

Older adults, defined as those≥ 60 years of age, are a growing population vulnerable to
infections including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Although …

Highlights•Most current vaccines are less immunogenic and efficient in the older
population.•New adjuvants have improved vaccination success for several …

With the progressive lengthening of the average age of the population, especially in some
countries such as Italy, vaccination of the elderly is a fixed point on which most of the public …

Immunosenescence increases the risk and severity of diseases in elderly individuals and
leads to impaired vaccine-induced immunity. With aging of the global population and the …

With advances in global health care, ageing populations are expected to grow worldwide
throughout the 21 st century. Increased lifespan is a testament to modern medical and social …

Vaccination remains the most effective prophylactic intervention for infectious disease in the
healthcare professional's toolkit. However, the efficacy and effectiveness of vaccines …

Many industrialized countries have implemented routine immunization policies for older
adults, but similar strategies have not been widely implemented in low-and middle-income …