It is estimated that the total annual financial cost for pain management in the US exceeds
100 billion dollars. However, when indirect costs are included, such as functional disability …

Pain is an unpleasant feeling usually resulting from tissue damage that can persist along
weeks, months, or even years after the injury, turning into pathological chronic pain, the …

The experience of chronic pain is one of the commonest reasons for seeking medical
attention, being a major issue in clinical practice. While pain is a universal experience, only …

Objective The experience of chronic pain is one of the commonest reasons individuals seek
medical attention, making the management of chronic pain a major issue in clinical practice …

Genomic variations influencing response to pharmacotherapy of pain are currently under
investigation. Drug-metabolizing enzymes represent a major target of ongoing research in …

The human genome project has revealed data on genomic variation which may influence
the pharmacological responses. In pain therapy, the genetic background influencing the …

Pain is a common symptom that can be complex to treat. Analgesic medications are the
mainstay treatment, but there is wide interindividual variability in analgesic response and …

Pharmacogenetic therapy in pain patients requires consideration of 2 different genetic
substrates to determine the outcome of pharmacotherapy. The first is the genetic contribution …

Pharmacogenomics is the study of genetic variants that impact drug effects through changes
in a drug's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacogenomics is being …

Successful pain management requires the delivery of analgesia with minimal risk of adverse
drug reactions. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids remain the mainstay of …