Pathogen interference is the ability of one pathogen to alter the course and clinical
outcomes of infection by another. With up to 3000 species of human pathogens the potential …

Although no viruses are better understood or more intensively studied than the viruses of
influenza, if the next influenza pandemic occurs within the next 5–10 years its control will …

The first human influenza virus was isolated more than 85 years ago, and several vaccine
candidates were developed and tested soon after. Yet, controlling infections mediated by …

Currently licensed influenza vaccines rely predominantly on the induction of strain-matched
hemagglutination inhibition antibody responses. These vaccines have a proven record of …

Influenza A virus is a pathogen that is feared for its capacity to cause pandemics. In this
review, we illustrate the clinical evidence which support the theory that bacterial co-infection …

Infections with influenza viruses and respiratory bacteria each contribute substantially to the
global burden of morbidity and mortality. Simultaneous or sequential infection with these …

Vaccination is by far the most effective way of preventing morbidity and mortality due to
infection of the upper respiratory tract by influenza virus. Current vaccines require yearly …

Secondary pulmonary infections by encapsulated bacteria including Streptococcus
pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus following influenza represent a common and …

The immune system normally responds to influenza virus by making neutralizing antibodies
to regions of the viral spike, the hemagglutinin, that vary year to year. This natural response …

Background. The nonstructural protein NS1 of influenza virus counteracts the interferon-
mediated immune response of the host. By deleting the open reading frame of NS1, we have …