Many early drug candidates derived from biotechnology failed in clinical trials because of
their low affinity/specificity, short half-lives or immunogenicity. Protein engineering …

Protein therapeutics and its enabling sister discipline, protein engineering, have emerged
since the early 1980s. The first protein therapeutics were recombinant versions of natural …

Antibody-based proteins have become an important class of biologic therapeutics, due in
large part to the stability, specificity, and adaptability of the antibody framework. Indeed …

Biotherapeutics have been clinically used since the 1990s. Recently, next-generation
optimized biotherapeutics, which are expected to act on the same molecular target as their …

Since the first protein therapeutics were approved two decades ago, the field has seen a
transition from the development of naturally occurring proteins to design of molecules …

Highlights•Biologics based on monoclonal antibodies have dominated the clinical
landscape.•New knowledge of disease mechanisms is driving current drug discovery …

Antibody-based therapeutics are currently being tested in an increasingly diverse range of
therapeutic modalities. Many different engineered formats for the antibody molecule and …

Since the first murine monoclonal antibody was approved for human therapeutic use over a
decade ago, the realization that monoclonal antibody therapeutics could be engineered to …

Antibody engineering has become a well-developed discipline, encompassing discovery
methods, production strategies, and modification techniques that have brought forth …

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