… stroke has become apparent in several recent studies. This paper will focus on “abnormal
vasculature” in pediatric stroke. … a major risk factor for arterial ischemic stroke in children [3, 4] …

… , pediatric strokes constitute less than 1% of all pediatric admissions and 510% of all strokes
in … Vascular malformations are classically divided into the following four types based on the …

… A stroke or cerebral vascular accident (CVA) in children is … pediatric stroke ranges from 1.2
to 13 cases per 100,000 children under 18 years of age [1, 7–15]. However, pediatric stroke is …

… large proportion of ischemic stroke in children today. Vascular malformations have continued
to account for a large percentage of hemorrhagic strokes (HSs) in children. Risk factors for …

… and capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation syndrome … The treatment of pediatric
CNS vascular malformations has … and vascular biology that underlie pediatric CNS vascular …

… In vascular malformations, little is known … vascular malformations are managed. The second
basic principle is that children are not small adults; vascular malformations in the pediatric …

… The causes of stroke in children differ from those in adults. Stroke in adults is associated largely
… escapes detection in approximately 30% of the pediatric patients in whom stroke occurs. …

… , have led to increased pediatric stroke rates, 1 additional … in almost one third of pediatric
stroke patients. Major cardiac … cause of stroke in congenital cardiac and vascular malformations. …

… Incidence rates for pediatric stroke (age 1 month through 18 years… of those living after pediatric
stroke are estimations. … and preceding the stroke), and vascular malformations, but often …

… in pediatric stroke, including arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), cerebral sinovenous thrombosis
(CSVT), and hemorrhagic stroke (HS) … , trauma, and vascular malformations predominate [53]. …