The transition from acute to chronic pain is an ongoing major problem for individuals, society
and healthcare systems around the world. It is clear chronic pain is a complex …

Chronic pain represents one of the most serious worldwide medical problems, in terms of
both social and economic costs, often causing severe and intractable physical and …

Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that still is challenging both clinicians and
researchers. Despite intense research, it is still not clear why some individuals develop …

It is widely accepted that communication between the nervous and immune systems is
involved in the development of chronic pain. At each level of the nervous system, immune …

Current evidence suggests that activation of glial and immune cells leads to increased
production of proinflammatory mediators, creating a neuroinflammatory state …

Vastly stimulated by the discovery of opioid receptors in the early 1970s, preclinical and
clinical research was directed at the study of stereoselective neuronal actions of opioids …

Current pain therapeutics offer inadequate relief to patients with chronic pain. A growing
literature supports that pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling between immune, glial, and …

The immune system and the peripheral sensory nervous system communicate through
hardwired and humoral routes using shared mediators and receptors. On the basis of …

Physiological pain serves as a warning of exposure to danger and prompts us to withdraw
from noxious stimuli to prevent tissue damage. Pain can also alert us of an infection or organ …

Nociceptors and immune cells both protect the host from potential threats to homeostasis.
There is growing evidence for bidirectional signalling between these two systems, and the …