External focus and autonomy support: Two important factors in motor learning have additive benefits

G Wulf, S Chiviacowsky, R Drews - Human movement science, 2015 - Elsevier
We examined whether the combination of two factors that have consistently been found to
enhance motor learning–an external focus (EF) of attention and autonomy support (AS) …

Additive benefits of autonomy support and enhanced expectancies for motor learning

G Wulf, S Chiviacowsky, PL Cardozo - Human movement science, 2014 - Elsevier
Two factors that have been shown to facilitate motor learning are autonomy support (AS)
and enhanced expectancies (EE) for performance. We examined the individual and …

Additive benefits of external focus and enhanced performance expectancy for motor learning

LAM Pascua, G Wulf, R Lewthwaite - Journal of sports sciences, 2015 - Taylor & Francis
The authors examined the individual and combined influences of 2 factors that have been
shown to benefit motor learning: an external focus of attention and enhanced performance …

Enhancing motor learning through external-focus instructions and feedback

CH Shea, G Wulf - Human movement science, 1999 - Elsevier
The study examined the generalizability of the learning advantages produced by instructions
that induce an external relative to an internal focus of attention (eg, Wulf, G., Höß, M., & …

On the advantage of an external focus of attention: a benefit to learning or performance?

KR Lohse, DE Sherwood, AF Healy - Human movement science, 2014 - Elsevier
Although there is general agreement in the sport science community that the focus of
attention (FOA) has significant effects on performance, there is some debate about whether …

Utilising an internal focus of attention during preparation and an external focus during execution may facilitate motor learning

CA Aiken, KA Becker - European journal of sport science, 2023 - Taylor & Francis
Research with athletes and coaches has found that attentional focus strategies are more
complex than using an internal or external focus exclusively. Recently Becker et al.[2020 …

Increasing the distance of an external focus of attention enhances learning

NH McNevin, CH Shea, G Wulf - Psychological research, 2003 - Springer
Previous studies (eg, Wulf, Höß, & Prinz, 1998) have shown that motor learning can be
enhanced by directing performers' attention to the effects of their movements (" external …

External focus of attention and autonomy support have additive benefits for motor performance in children

R Abdollahipour, MP Nieto, R Psotta, G Wulf - Psychology of Sport and …, 2017 - Elsevier
Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the combined effects of external focus
instructions and autonomy support on motor performance of children. In addition, we sought …

Triple play: Additive contributions of enhanced expectancies, autonomy support, and external attentional focus to motor learning

G Wulf, R Lewthwaite, P Cardozo… - Quarterly Journal of …, 2018 - journals.sagepub.com
In the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning [Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R.(2016). Optimizing
performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of …

Practice variability promotes an external focus of attention and enhances motor skill learning

LK Chua, MK Dimapilis, T Iwatsuki… - Human movement …, 2019 - Elsevier
Variability in practice has been shown to enhance motor skill learning. Benefits of practice
variability have been attributed to motor schema formation (variable versus constant …