Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical
conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under physiologically relevant conditions …

The functioning of many natural and engineered environments is dependent on long
distance electron transfer mediated through electrical currents. These currents have been …

Concerns regarding increased antibiotic resistance arising from the emergent properties of
biofilms have spurred interest in the discovery of novel antibiotic agents and techniques to …

Once pathogens form a biofilm, they become more tolerant to drugs and quicker to recover
from physical removal than planktonic cells. Because such robustness of a biofilm is …

While most biological materials are insulating in nature, efficient extracellular electron
transfer is a critical property of biofilms associated with microbial electrochemical systems …

Biofilms are commonly considered as electronic insulators: there are no free electrons that
can flow under ordinary thermal conditions [1–3]. However, direct conductivity …

Microbes that form biofilms on electrodes and generate electrical current responses could
be integrated into devices to perform sensing, conduct signals, or act as living …

Electroactive bacterial biofilms can function as living biomaterials that merge the
functionality of living cells with electronic components. However, the development of such …

Bacteria living in surface-attached biofilm communities must maintain electrochemical
gradients to support basic cellular functions, including chemo-osmotic transport and …

Metal-reducing bacteria direct electrons to their outer surfaces, where insoluble metal oxides
or electrodes act as terminal electron acceptors, generating electrical current from anaerobic …