In the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning [Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R.(2016). Optimizing
performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of …

In the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2016), three factors are
postulated to facilitate motor performance and learning: Enhanced expectancies (EE) for …

Effective motor performance is important for surviving and thriving, and skilled movement is
critical in many activities. Much theorizing over the past few decades has focused on how …

Highlights•Expectations for positive experience/outcomes benefit motor performance and
learning.•Conditions that support performer autonomy benefit motor performance and …

Attentional focus research consistently suggests that the use of an external focus of attention
improves motor learning and performance relative to an internal focus. It appears, however …

Previous research has shown that enhanced expectancies can foster a person's
motivational state and facilitate motor learning. However, the effects of enhanced …

Enhanced expectancies and autonomy-support through self-controlled practice conditions
form the motivation pillar of OPTIMAL theory [Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R.(2016). Optimizing …

We examined whether the combination of two factors that have consistently been found to
enhance motor learning–an external focus (EF) of attention and autonomy support (AS) …

Abstract Lewthwaite et al.(2015) reported that the learning benefits of exercising choice (ie,
their self-controlled condition) are not restricted to task-relevant features (eg, feedback) …

Without doubt, motor behavior is subject to a variety of social-cognitive-affective influences
(Lewthwaite & Wulf, 2010a). For instance, the instructions or feedback given to learners not …