The causal inference framework and related methods have emerged as vital within
epidemiology. Scientists in many fields have found that this framework and a variety of …

The causal inference framework and related methods have emerged as vital within
epidemiology. This framework and associated analytic approaches facilitate the conduct of …

In this article, we conclude our 3‐part series by focusing on several concepts that have
proven useful for formulating causal questions and inferring causal effects. The process of …

The development of new quantitative causal inference methods starts with the assumption
that effect identification is possible: Effect estimation is desired for a given setting and a …

The study of causal relationships is important when addressing questions of efficacy of
treatment interventions and etiology of disease. The evaluation of a cause-and-effect …

Abstract Purpose of Review Human reproduction is a common process and one that unfolds
over a relatively short time, but pregnancy and birth processes are challenging to study …

The cross-sectional study design is sometimes avoided by researchers or considered an
undesired methodology. Possible reasons include incomplete understanding of the …

Editor's note: This is the 13th article in a series on clinical research by nurses. The series is
designed to be used as a resource for nurses to understand the concepts and principles …

The increasing availability of passively observed data has yielded a growing interest in “data
fusion” methods, which involve merging data from observational and experimental sources …

Systematic reviews and meta‐analyses are essential for drawing conclusions regarding
etiologic associations between exposures or interventions and health outcomes …