Methods Thirty-six men who have sex with men (MSM) were recruited through the Maple
Leaf Medical Clinic in Toronto. INRs (n= 15) were defined as having a CD4 T cell count< …

Objective Serious non-AIDS disease events (SNAE) are experienced disproportionately by
immunologic non-responders (INRs), HIV-infected individuals who do not restore CD4 T …

Background HIV infection is characterized by CD4+ T-cells depletion related to gut damage,
microbial translocation, immune activation and intestinal and systemic low-grade …

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected immunological nonresponders
(INRs) fail to reconstitute their CD4+ T-cell pool after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, and …

Immunologic non-responders (INRs) are a subset of individuals living with HIV who have
suboptimal blood CD4+ T cell recovery despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). They …

Chronic elevation in markers of immune activation is a hallmark of HIV infection, even when
viral replication has been suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART)(Lederman et al., 2013) …

HIV-specific T cells response and T cell activation are frequently seen in exposed
seronegative individuals (ESN). In this study, we report HIV-specific response and level of T …

Background: HIV-2 may slow progression of a subsequently acquired HIV-1 infection
through cross-neutralizing antibodies and polyfunctional CD8+ T cells. We hypothesized …

Background The gut is an important site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
and immune responses. The role of gut mucosal immune cells in immune restoration in …

Background HIV-2 infection is characterised by a longer asymptomatic phase and slower
AIDS progression than HIV-1 infection. Identifying unique immune signatures associated …