… of both trunk and hip kinematics and estimated trunk loading … Trunk kinematics variables
included trunk angle range of motion… trunk also was evaluated during the standard test exertion. …

… of spinal load during repeated lifting exertions. Surprisingly, experienced subjects demonstrated
significantly greater spinal loads and within-subject variability in spinal load … shear load. …

… During right lateral exertions, compression forces were greater when the trunk was laterally
flexed 15” to the left compared to upright exertions, and much greater than when flexed 15” …

… The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of muscle coactivity on modeled
spinal load that occur during lifting exertions. The biomechanical literature" demonstrates that …

… The results of the study do not suggest that an increase in the muscular loading of the spine
occurs as a result of changing trunk muscular recruitment patterns. Therefore, future studies …

… various trunk muscles to spine stability is currently unknown. … exertions in trunk flexion,
extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation, and isometric exertions under vertical trunk loading …

… impact of trunk dynamics on trunk strength and structural loading … , imposed trunk moments
during dynamic exertions were … located that evaluated spinal loads during flexion exertions. …

… trunk load magnitudes and directions affect lumbar spine stability… effective trunk stiffness
and stability were calculated from trunk … These results held true for all of the exertion directions …

… reduction in spinal load was attributed the fact that trunk moment … and extension exertions
with similar trunk moment magnitude. … spinal load during flexion exertions is greater than trunk …

… force exertion, as well as more rapid increases in trunk force … loading the trunk response
resembled an expected loading of … which the spine is overloaded during unexpected loading. In …