The effectiveness of sun protection depends directly on the photo-protective product
employed, the way it is used and the amount applied. Many studies report that sunscreens …

Background Current in vitro SPF screening method for plant oil body (oleosome)‐based SPF
products possesses significant inconsistency and low reliability in the SPF rating. Objectives …

Sunscreen formulation is both an art and a science. Sun screens appear to be simply an
emulsion system with sunscreen actives included in the formulation. However, this is far from …

In the original scientific publication evaluating sunscreen methodologies, Garzarella and
Caswell showed there to be no clinically significant or statistically significant difference in the …

Background The use of sunscreens is mandatory, especially in countries with high ultraviolet
(UV) incidence. In consequence, there has been a growing interest in using compounds …

Objective The SPF (sun protection factor) is the best known reference in the world for
expressing UVB protection. The SPF is used for labelling purposes for consumer guidance …

The universal sun protection factor (USPF) characterizing sunscreen efficacy based on
spectroscopically determined data, which were obtained using the tape stripping procedure …

The ideal characteristics are outlined for an assessment method for the protective properties
of sunscreen products against UVA. Existing sun protection factors (SPFs) are reliant on …

Background The proper application of sunscreen is important to ensure protection of the skin
against ultraviolet (UV) damage. Sunscreens are used in various ways in real world …

Background Water exposure is an influential factor in some common dermatoses. It has also
been shown that water has an effect on barrier function and biophysical properties of skin …