Ultra-endurance has been defined as any exercise bout that exceeds 6 h. A number of
exceptional, record-breaking performances by female athletes in ultra-endurance sport have …

As the fields of kinesiology, exercise science, and human movement developed, the majority
of the research focused on male physiology and extrapolated findings to females. This …

The current review summarizes scientific knowledge concerning sex differences in world-
record performance and the influence of sport discipline and competition duration. In …

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were (i) to investigate the effect of age on gender
difference in Hawaii Ironman triathlon performance time and (ii) to compare the gender …

Background The aim of the present study was to compare the trends in participation,
performance and age of finishers in 'Badwater'and 'Spartathlon'as two of the toughest …

In reflection on the numerous studies investigating differences in athletic performance and
risk of injury in male and female athletes, I question whether a lack of control or …

This brief review summarizes factors associated with elite endurance performance, trends in
distance running training, and participation by men and more recently women. It is framed in …

Sex differences in exercise physiology, such as substrate metabolism and skeletal muscle
fatigability, stem from inherent biological factors, including endogenous hormones and …

Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex
differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones …

In recent years, there has been a significant expansion in female participation in endurance
(road and trail) running. The often reported sex differences in maximal oxygen uptake (V …