… the pure agonist opioids … agonist or partial agonist at one receptor and an antagonist at
another (pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine, dezocine) and drugs acting as a partial agonist …

… pain states. Millions of doses have been administered for treatment of postoperative pain,
trauma, burns, labor pain, … The agonist-antagonists have been given intramuscularly, orally, …

… The clinically available agonist-antagonists possess sufficient … chronic pain states. They
have been shown to be sufficient for treatment of postoperative pain, trauma, bums, labour pain, …

… Additionally, intravenous buprenorphine is available for use in acute pain states, but this
is rarely used clinically and hence is not a focus of this paper. The buccal and sublingual …

… When the circuit is in the pain-facilitating on-cell state, both KOR and ORL1 agonists have a
pain-… tested in human subjects through the use of functional imaging and opioid antagonists. …

… with chronic pain. TheN-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist ketamine and the α 2 -adrenergic
agonist clonidine exhibit activity in patients with acute or chronic pain and reduce opioid …

… both nalbuphine and morpine are equally effective on pain relief’, followed by a citation of …
for pain after arthroscopy (ie, treatment for moderate pain). The summary of this paper states “…

… agonists and antagonists to increase and decrease the desired and undesired effects of the
agonists… crucial determinant of how opioid agonists and antagonists are co-administered and…

… factors such as the current emotional state. During the anticipation period, … (pain rating, pain
unpleasantness and pain sensitivity) to compare the effects of a D2R agonist and antagonist …

… be avoided (or used with caution) in patients receiving mu-agonist opioids, as they can …
agonists-antagonists–partial antagonist group of interest for sustained treatment of chronic pain …