Opioids are the most potent analgesics. Toxicity results either from effects mediated by
variation in affinity and intrinsic efficacy at specific opioid receptors or, rarely, from a direct …

Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that is associated with many common diseases; this
places a major burden on the healthcare system. There are currently numerous analgesic …

Adverse effects of opioids are multiple. They are most often receptor-mediated and
inseparable from their desired effects. The most severe mishaps with opioids are related to …

Opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the commonest drugs used
to treat pain. Opioids mimic the actions of endogenous opioid peptides by interacting with μ …

All non-opioid analgesics are believed to act via inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase. With respect
to their inhibitory potency towards the enzyme, these drugs differ not only from most non …

Common side effects of opioid administration include sedation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting,
constipation, physical dependence, tolerance, and respiratory depression. Physical …

Pain is the main reason prompting patients to consult their physicians. In acute conditions,
pain has a very particular significance as a warning sign, enabling the physician to attempt a …

The traditional view of opioids held that the individual opioid agonists shared the same
mechanism of action, differing only in their potency and pharmacokinetic properties …

Non-opioid analgesics including both selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX)
inhibitors and acetaminophen are the most widely used treatments for pain. Inhibition of …

Objectives: Identify the mechanism of action of various opioid antagonist medications.
Summarize the different indications for the various opioid antagonist agents. Review the …