Despite the thousands of years during which opioids have been used medicinally, the
appropriate indications and usage for opioids, across medicine, remain incompletely …

Opioids are the most potent drugs used to control severe pain. However, neuroadaptation
prevents opioids' ability to provide long-term analgesia and produces opposite effects, ie …

The opioid class of drugs, a large group, is mainly used for the treatment of acute and
chronic persistent pain. All are eliminated from the body via metabolism involving principally …

The review article by Brennan, Carr, and Cousins (1) is a laudable effort to discuss the
ethical, political, cultural, and legal challenges involved in trying to improve the management …

Since 1952, when Gates determined the stereo structure of morphine, numerous groups
have focused on discovering a nonnarcotic opioid drug [1]. Although several natural …

Background A naloxone infusion is effective in reducing epidural and intrathecal opioid-
related side effects. The use of naloxone infusion concomitant with intravenous morphine …

Nalmefene, a pure opiate antagonist structurally similar to naloxone, possesses a longer
duration of action than naloxone at the same dose. However, the relative potency of these …

The authors analyzed data from 52 randomized placebo-controlled trials (4,893 adults)
testing acetaminophen, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or selective cyclooxygenase-2 …

Opioids have dominated the management of perioperative pain in recent decades with
higher doses than ever before used in some circumstances. Through the expanding use of …

Background Data on the analgesic properties of alpha 2 agonists and their interactions with
opioids are conflicting. Experiments were conducted in rats to evaluate whether various …