The spread of antibiotic resistance due to the use and misuse of antibiotics around the world
is now a major health crisis. Neonates are exposed to antibiotics both before and after birth,
often empirically because of risk factors for infection, or for non-specific signs which may or
may not indicate sepsis. There is increasing evidence that, apart from antibiotic resistance,
the use of antibiotics in pregnancy and in the neonatal period alters the microbiome in the
fetus and neonate with an increased risk of immediate and long-term adverse effects …