Effects of abstinence from tobacco: A critical review
Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems: Volume 10, 1990•Springer
Many smokers, ex-smokers, and scientists have strong opinions about the effects of
abstinence from tobacco. Some believe the effects are mild, are not true withdrawal
phenomena, and have little to do with the inability of smokers to stop. Others believe
abstinence effects can produce significant distress, are similar to the classical withdrawal
syndromes of opiates and sedatives, and account for much of the inability of smokers to stop.
Over the last 40-50 years, the withdrawal syndromes from opiates (eg, Martin, 1977; Katz …
abstinence from tobacco. Some believe the effects are mild, are not true withdrawal
phenomena, and have little to do with the inability of smokers to stop. Others believe
abstinence effects can produce significant distress, are similar to the classical withdrawal
syndromes of opiates and sedatives, and account for much of the inability of smokers to stop.
Over the last 40-50 years, the withdrawal syndromes from opiates (eg, Martin, 1977; Katz …
Many smokers, ex-smokers, and scientists have strong opinions about the effects of abstinence from tobacco. Some believe the effects are mild, are not true withdrawal phenomena, and have little to do with the inability of smokers to stop. Others believe abstinence effects can produce significant distress, are similar to the classical withdrawal syndromes of opiates and sedatives, and account for much of the inability of smokers to stop.
Over the last 40-50 years, the withdrawal syndromes from opiates (eg, Martin, 1977; Katz and Valentino, 1986), alcohol (eg, Mello and Mendelson, 1977), sedatives/hypnotics (Woods et aI., 1987), and benzodiazepines have been well characterized (Fig. 1) and determinants of withdrawal, such as dose and duration of drug use, have been well delineated (eg, Kalant et aI., 1971; Martin, 1977). Finally, the role of withdrawal in the maintenance and cessation of such drugs has been empirically studied (Cappell and Leblanc, 1971).
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