After temozolomide failure, no evidence-based treatment option is currently available for
aggressive pituitary tumors (APTs) and pituitary carcinomas (PCs). Moreover, once
temozolomide has failed, the survival of these patients is very poor. The use of immune-
checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been so far reported in a large cohort, a small phase 2
clinical trial, and in another five isolated cases (24 cases in total). Here, we review the
available evidence on the efficacy and potential predictors of response to ICIs in PCs and …