Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease caused by the
occurrence of airflow limitation in the lungs and also causes 60% of all deaths in Indonesia…

Background: Globally, 9,052 new cases of leprosy in children were reported, with a
corresponding rate of 4.5 per million child population. Children are believed to be the most …

Background: Diarrhea is still a world health issue which is one of the leading causes of
morbidity and mortality, with a mortality rate of close to more than 1.30 million deaths globally in …

Background: Indonesia as an agricultural country is still having nutritional problems. Purpose:
This research aimed to investigate the impact of knowledge, attitude, and practice of …

Background: Diabetes prevalence is growing faster in both developing and developed
countries. Kidney failure, stroke, heart attack, leg amputation, and nerve damage are …

Background: The quality of COVID-19 data from surveillance information systems is still an
issue in low-middle-income countries (LMIC), including Indonesia, which uses various …

Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a health problem in East Java.
Opportunistic infections are one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with …

Background: The popularity of shisha (hookah) and vaping as alternatives to smoking has
increased significantly in recent years. Shisha smoking, prevalent in Arab nations and other …

Background: Needlestick and sharp injuries (NSIs) remain one of the main occupational
hazards among health care workers (HCWs) that lead to blood-borne pathogen exposure. …

Background: Hypertension is still a major health problem in the world. One of the factors
causing hypertension is exposure to cigarette smoke. Purpose: The aim of this study was to …