… novices in the present study, contrasted to the experts used by Pennington. It is likely that
novices use somewhat different comprehension … in less effective ways than experts. To test this …

… The fact that experts ran the programs more often than novices … of results emerged when
experts and novices debugged … between experts and novices in the comprehension phase of …

… comprehension tasks. In this paper, I review some of the key cognitive theories of program
comprehension … They observed that novices are less likely than experts to use inheritance and …

… Program comprehension by novices has been the subject of studies flourished in the 80s, …
approachable for non-experts, in this case CS1 students which are still novice programmers. It …

… reveal the differences between experts and novices in program comprehension. It provides
… program comprehension. We also find that the so called traditional program comprehension …

… formed during program comprehension. In particular, the question was whether novices' …
Recent work on comprehension of a relatively large OO program by expert and advanced …

… that during program comprehension an expert represents a program abstractly, whereas a
novice represents it in more concrete terms, groups of novice and expert programmers were …

… 1) Lines which are used by experts during the comprehension process: int k=(a+b)/2 2)
Lines which are used by both experts and novices equally during the comprehension process …

… tracking research with regard to program comprehension. Subsequently a refined study …
novices from experts. The two most similar patterns even were from an expert and from a novice…

… with experts and novices. Our first claim, that text comprehension research informs program
… In contrast, we would not expect novice programmers to have acquired as many of the plans …