… each goal in the specification layei They organize knowledge structures by functional
char-acteristics of the domain in which they are experts. For instance, novices might understand a …

… In this research we analyse in detail the knowledge sources used by expert programmers
during maintenance of a program in order to determine the direction of comprehension and the …

… program comprehension was investigated with a help of a remote eye-tracker. Novice and
intermediate programmers used a program … during its animation, patterns of novice and expert …

… of strategies on program comprehension, this research has explored the effects of expertise
on … The objectoriented novices had a low correctness percentage both in Task 2 and Task 4. …

… programming expertise, memory for a beacon, and program comprehension (higher expertise
… of the beacon to improve program comprehension better than could novices. Beacons are …

… Tasks have been used in program comprehension studies for different … program comprehension
models and theories. These studies were meant mainly for experts rather than novices. …

… programs appropriate to their own level of experience. The results of this study suggest that
the difference between novice and expert … difference in program comprehension for modular …

… maintenance, comprehension, and reuse. Since the mentioned claims are cognitive …
programming skills by novice programmers. Our particular emphasis is on program comprehension …

… Programming strategies undertaken by the subjects of programming comprehension studies
have long been … Predicting expertise among novice programmers with prior knowledge on …

… Abstract—Program comprehension is a vital skill in software development. … program
comprehension by examining the eye movement of novice programmers as they gain programming …