… In particular, we find that programming experts with Python … experts without Python experience,
and only 44% of the time for … stages: program comprehension, mental representations of …

… Within those limits, the effects of expertise and difficulty on behavior are large and robust
and are expected to continue from novice, to intermediate, to expert behavior. Program design …

… trends comparing novice and expert programmers, programming … is on novice programming
and topics relating to novice teaching … of program comprehension and generation below. …

… Also omitted are techniques such as background questionnaires that are used to help
quantify results in experiments, particularly when comparing novices and experts, and usually …

… to program is difficult for many novice programmers. This study will attempt to improve
programming comprehension by … additional evidence that expert and novice programmers do not …

… it is possible that experts memorize short source codes in semantic entities, whereas novice
programmers memorize them line by line. Because our experts were significantly better in …

… (the performance of expert programmers can decrease to the level of novice programmers […
novice programmers. Instead of recruiting only novices, we could also measure programming …

… Overall, our results show a gap between program comprehension … [22], who reported that
novice developers do not comprehend … First, information might get lost when experts leave the …

… The first three types of program recall studies address the nature of programmer expertise, …
effects of other factors on ease of program comprehension. Table 1 shows the different types …

… answers to the program explanations, which helps them to become experts. In Figure 3, …
dynamic effectiveness of improving novice programmers’ program comprehension. Future work …