… Also in contrast to the experts, the novices tend to develop more … , the novices do not have
the same ability as the experts to … the novices and the experts was in ability to comprehend the …

… programming experience with a valid and reliable tool, so that we can control its influence
on program comprehension. … We could recruit programming experts and novices as subjects …

… This study examines the mental representations formed during program comprehension …
OO) experts. The programmer’s mental representation reflects comprehension of a program and …

… approach a task (eg, physics novices and experts categorize problems based on different
aspects [42]). We allowed participants to self-choose the number of categories because we …

… emphasis on program comprehension and tracing… expert programmers to see how their
approach to answering these twelve multiple choice questions compares with that of the novices …

… Novices were 10 undergraduate pre-service teachers, intermediates were 9 final-year master
of library and information studies students, and experts … between novices and experts were …

… e!ects in the area of program comprehension. First, we will start by … of program comprehension
and visual programming languages. … by experts and novice in object-oriented program …

… expert and novice debugging processes with the aim of contributing to a general theory of
programming expertise. The … First, an expert-novice classification of subjects was derived from …

… novice learners are unable to extract higher-order information during program comprehension
… For instance, rather than the control flow strategy used by expert programmers, novice …

… In this research, the SOLO categories for program comprehension are used for evaluating
the reading skills and SOLO categories for construction were used for the writing skills. …