… Protective factors may promote successful development by neutralizing the effects of negative
risk factors. This paper is focused on possible protective factors of adolescent substance in …

… examined individual risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use and abuse to
take … We also constructed risk and protective factor indexes to capture the cumulative effects of …

… To compare risk and protective factors that influence youth substance use in Australia and
the United States. The two countries have different policy orientations toward substance use: …

… types of risk factors in substance use. The evidence shows that there are risk factors for
initiating, for maintaining, for escalating substance use and as well as for outcome. Many single …

… risk factors and substance use behavior. First, we rely on objective indicators to measure risk
and protective factors … drug use among 8th graders derived from representative samples of …

… youth substance use patterns and mental health symptoms, and the risk and protective
factors … A survey was administered to a random sample of 663 youth ages 12 to 18 in Victoria, …

… Concepts related to risk and protective factors have been useful in explaining a number of …
and substance use disorders. Serious efforts at extending risk factor models to the drug abuse …

… We then study age-specific patterns of risk factor–substance use associations. Of … do risk
and protective factors differ in their associations with lifetime use vis-à-vis recent substance use…

… (promotive factors, Sameroff, 2000). The term … protective factors” will be used in this
article to refer to factors that decrease the risk of substance misuse (promotive and protective…

… exposure to risk and protective factors in Victoria … to substance use, given the policy
differences [24]. For associations between time 1 (T1) risk and protective factors and substance use …