… The aims of the present review article are to provide an up-to-date synthesis of laboratory
and field studies on OS physiology and to identify the adaptations that animals have evolved to …

… animals (metazoans), the first animals were likely clonal or colonial, since basal metazoans
(the most primitive living animals… Evolution of redox control in multicellular organisms Redox …

… with ocean redox state, productivity and animal evolution across the … redox fluctuations
against the background of a generally well-oxygenated open ocean. We find that ocean redox …

… conditions during much of this time would likely have presented challenges for early animals,
there were intervals when oxygenated conditions … early steps toward animal evolution. …

… in redox may reinforce rather than hinder evolutionary … oxygenation can promote morphological
evolution and novelty. … record of animal evolution, with appearance of animal phyla and …

… of animals. However, links between early animal evolution and shifts in surface oxygen
levels have largely been limited to extrapolation of paleoredox conditions reconstructed from …

… The redox code has been considered within the … redox code provides simple and
straightforward logic for this process within our understanding of the evolution of multicellular …

… are fully consistent with the hypothesis that evolving redox conditions exerted a strong
influence on the timing of early animal evolution. What about contrasting ecological hypotheses? …

… early animal evolution and compare inferred redox constraints with the likely physiological
requirements associated with different grades of organization in early animal evolution. … redox …

… Mechanisms evolved in animals to safely deliver O 2 to all tissues that require it, at concentrations
well below 21%. Indeed, this may be one of the best “antioxidant defences”; minimise …