Inhibitory receptors mediate CD8 T-cell hyporesponsiveness against cancer and infectious
diseases. PD-1 and CTLA-4 have been extensively studied, and blocking antibodies have …

Under conditions of chronic antigen stimulation, such as persistent viral infection and
cancer, CD8 T cells may diminish effector function, which has been termed “exhaustion.” …

Exhausted T cells have been described in cancer patients and murine tumor models largely
based on their expression of various inhibitory receptors. Understanding of the functional …

Although immunotherapeutics targeting the inhibitory receptors (IRs) CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-
L1 have made substantial clinical progress in cancer, a considerable proportion of patients …

Cytotoxic T cells that are present in tumors and capable of recognizing tumor epitopes are
nevertheless generally impotent in eliciting tumor rejection. Thus, identifying the immune …

Inhibitory receptors expressed on T cells control immune responses while limiting
autoimmunity. However, tumors can hijack these “checkpoints” for protection from immune …

Co-inhibitory receptors, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, have an important role in regulating T
cell responses and have proven to be effective targets in the setting of chronic diseases …

Co-inhibitory receptors are important regulators of T-cell function that define the balance
between tolerance and autoimmunity. The immune regulatory function of co-inhibitory …

Despite the powerful aspects of immune reactions, most often tumor cells are able to evade
immune recognition and destruction. Cosignaling molecules from the B7/CD28 and …

The function of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, which may protect against both infectious and
malignant diseases, can be impaired by ligation of their inhibitory receptors, which include …