Recent advances in the understanding of T cell activation have led to new therapeutic
approaches in the treatment of immunological disorders. One attractive target of intervention …

The T-cell co-receptor cytotoxic T-cell antigen 4 (CTLA-4) has a strong inhibitory role as
shown by the lymphoproliferative phenotype of CTLA-4–deficient mice. Despite its potent …

In addition to signals from the T‐cell receptor complex, it has been recognized for many
years that a 'second'signal, most notably from CD28, is also important in T‐cell activation. In …

Positive and negative costimulation by members of the CD28 family is critical for the
development of productive immune responses against foreign pathogens and their proper …

Co-inhibitory receptors (IRs) are molecules that protect host against autoimmune reactions
and maintain peripheral self-tolerance, playing an essential role in maintaining immune …

It is controversial how cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4, a co-inhibitory molecule,
contributes to immunological tolerance and negative control of immune responses. Its role …

LAG3 is an inhibitory receptor that is highly expressed on exhausted T cells. Although LAG3-
targeting immunotherapeutics are currently in clinical trials, how LAG3 inhibits T cell function …

T-cell activation is a critical event in the organization of effective cellular and humoral
immune responses. Activated T cells are essential for provision of T-cell help, promoting the …

Co-signaling receptors for the T cell receptor (TCR) are important therapeutic targets, with
blockade of co-inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 now central in immuno-oncology …

Accumulating evidence indicates that the CD4 homologue lymphocyte activation gene‐3
(LAG‐3) plays a down‐regulatory role on T‐cell responses. However, the role of LAG …