BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 associated with
variations in cytokine levels are linked to fibrosis in a number of tissues. However, the …

Fibrosing alveolitis (FA) is characterized by persistent inflammation and elevated production
of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β), and interleukin-1 receptor …

Smoking has been considered a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in
observational studies. To assess whether smoking plays a causal role in IPF, we performed …

Background: Increasing evidence has revealed that epithelial–mesenchymal transition
(EMT) and immunity play key roles in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, fibrotic disorder underlain by aberrant wound
healing of repeated lung injury. Environmental triggers and genetic background are likely to …

Interstitial lung diseases encompass a wide range of diffuse lung disorders that are often
complicated by the development of pulmonary fibrosis and that can occur in isolation or in …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, fibrosing interstitial pneumonia
of unknown etiology. The role of genetic risk factors has been the focus of numerous studies …

Rationale: Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) are associated with the highest genetic risk
locus for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); however, the extent to which there are unique …

Objective To examine whether there was an association between epithelial neutrophil
activating peptide 78 (ENA-78), interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), vascular endothelial …

Background: Mediators of preferably mesenchymal repair such as transforming growth factor
β 1 (TGF-β 1) and mediators of polarized cellular immunity such as interleukin (IL)-13 are …