Although immunotherapeutics targeting the inhibitory receptors (IRs) CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-
L1 have made substantial clinical progress in cancer, a considerable proportion of patients …

Immunology offers an unprecedented opportunity for the science-driven development of
therapeutics. The successes of antibodies to the immunomodulatory receptor CTLA-4 and …

Tumors can avoid immune surveillance by stimulating immune inhibitory receptors that
function to turn off established immune responses. By blocking the ability of tumors to …

The past few years have witnessed something of a renaissance in the field of cancer
immunotherapy, relating largely to the clinical advances that have been associated with the …

Inhibitory receptors expressed on T cells control immune responses while limiting
autoimmunity. However, tumors can hijack these “checkpoints” for protection from immune …

It is increasingly appreciated that cancers are recognized by the immune system, and under
some circumstances, the immune system may control or even eliminate tumors. The …

Since the regulatory approval of ipilimumab in 2011, the field of cancer immunotherapy has
been experiencing a renaissance. This success is based on progress in both preclinical and …

The discovery and clinical implementation of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting
CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1 has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, as recognized by the …

Co-inhibitory receptors are important regulators of T-cell function that define the balance
between tolerance and autoimmunity. The immune regulatory function of co-inhibitory …

Drugs targeting immune checkpoint molecules such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 are being
heralded as a breakthrough in oncology. However,“breakthrough” is a misnomer belying …