A crystallization pathway describes the movement of ions from their source to the final
product. Cells are intimately involved in biological crystallization pathways. In many …

Organisms form many different types of minerals, with diverse shapes and sizes. These
minerals fulfill a variety of functions. Inspired by the late HA Lowenstam, Steve Weiner and …

Many organisms form crystals from transient amorphous precursor phases. In cases where
the precursor phases were imaged, they were seen to consist of nanosphere particles …

In the most general sense, biomineralization is a process by which organisms produce
materials solutions for their own functional requirements. Because so many biomineral …

Minerals are formed by organisms in all of the kingdoms of life. Mineral formation pathways
all involve uptake of ions from the environment, transport of ions by cells, sometimes …

Biomineralization is the process by which metazoa form hard minerals for support, defense,
and feeding. The minerals so formed, eg, teeth, bones, shells, carapaces, and spicules, are …

Biomineral formation is critical to biological functions of living organisms. For this reason, the
synthesis of complex organic-inorganic composites that typify mineralized tissue such as …

It was assumed for a long time that organisms produce minerals directly from a saturated
solution. A few exceptions were known, including the well documented mineralized teeth of …

Many biogenic minerals are composed of aggregated particles at the nanoscale. These
minerals usually form through the transformation of amorphous precursors into single …

The systematic fabrication of organized materials will require the 'synthesis-with-
construction'of architectures over scales ranging from the molecular to the macroscopic. This …