The temperature history of the first millennium CE is sparsely documented, especially in the
Arctic. We present a synthesis of decadally resolved proxy temperature records from …

About 34 million years ago, Earth's climate shifted from a relatively ice-free world to one with
glacial conditions on Antarctica characterized by substantial ice sheets. How Earth's …

A compilation of paleoclimate records from lake sediments, trees, glaciers, and marine
sediments provides a view of circum-Arctic environmental variability over the last 400 years …

In the future, Arctic warming and the melting of polar glaciers will be considerable, but the
magnitude of both is uncertain. We used a global climate model, a dynamic ice sheet model …

Understanding the role of atmospheric CO2 during past climate changes requires clear
knowledge of how it varies in time relative to temperature. Antarctic ice cores preserve highly …

Abstract The Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum,∼ 55 million years ago, was a brief
period of widespread, extreme climatic warming,,, that was associated with massive …

Reconstructions of Earth's past climate strongly influence our understanding of the dynamics
and sensitivity of the climate system. Yet global temperature has been reconstructed for only …

Climate models predict extensive and severe degradation of permafrost in response to
global warming, with a potential for release of large volumes of stored carbon. However, the …

As the planet cooled from peak warmth in the early Cenozoic, extensive Northern
Hemisphere ice sheets developed by 2.6 Ma ago, leading to changes in the circulation of …

Cooling during most of the past two millennia has been widely recognized, and has been
inferred to be the dominant global temperature trend of the past 11,700 years (the Holocene …