2. Benowitz NL, Bernert JT, Caraballo RS, et al. Optimal serum cotinine levels for
distinguishing cigarette smokers and nonsmokers within different racial/ethnic groups in the …

Objectives HIV infection is characterised by persistent immune dysfunction of both the
adaptive and innate immune responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate these …

The mechanisms by which HIV increases susceptibility to tuberculosis and other respiratory
infections are incompletely understood. We used transcriptomics of paired whole …

HIV-1 increases susceptibility to pulmonary infection and disease, suggesting pathogenesis
in the lung. However, the lung immune environment during HIV infection remains poorly …

Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals are at increased risk
of developing active tuberculosis (TB). TB incidence remains higher than in non-HIV …

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (Tb) is the most frequent opportunistic infection among
people living with HIV infection. The impact of Tb co-infection in the establishment and …

Objectives: Studies have shown that people with HIV (PWH) may be at increased risk for
chronic lung diseases and lung function abnormalities, which may be associated with …

Methods Thirty-six men who have sex with men (MSM) were recruited through the Maple
Leaf Medical Clinic in Toronto. INRs (n= 15) were defined as having a CD4 T cell count< …

Background CD4+ T cells play a critical role in the regulation of immunopathogenesis in HIV
infection. Previous studies have shown contradictory results of the CD4+ T-cell responses in …

Background HIV-positive patients on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) are at higher risk of
developing many non-AIDS related chronic diseases, including chronic obstructive …