THE Greenland Sea is particularly important to the world ocean circulation, and potentially to
carbon dioxide exchange between the ocean and atmosphere, because it is an area of …

Rates of oxygen utilization (OUR) at depth in the ocean have been interpreted as showing
that rates of carbon fixation by phytoplankton, as estimated by 14CO2 assimilation in vitro …

Considerable debate exists concerning the magnitude of oceanic primary production, its rate
of transfer to other trophic levels and turnover times of carbon and nitrogen1–5. In nitrogen …

THE world's carbon budget has not been in steady state since the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution1. At present, carbon dioxide released by anthropogenic activities adds about …

THE spring phytoplankton bloom in temperate and boreal waters represents a pulsed
source of organic carbon that is important to ecosystem productivity1 and carbon flux2 in the …

THE Black Sea is the world's largest anoxic basin; it is also a contemporary analogue of the
environment in which carbonaceous shales and petroleum source beds formed1. Recently …

Each year since the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) 1 was launched on the Nimbus 7
satellite in November 1978, extensive patches of water giving strong reflectance of visible …

A marked increase in global temperature over the last century was confirmed by the second
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Here we report …

Uncertainty about the absolute levels of biological productivity over vast tracts of the world's
oceans is a fundamental limitation to our understanding of the marine ecosystem1, 2 …

The nutrient-poor (oligotrophic) regions of the open ocean cover 30% of the Earth's surface.
Microscopic plants (phytoplankton) living in this habitat account for about 10% of global …