Mutualisms, interactions between two species that benefit both of them, have long captured
the public imagination. Their influence transcends levels of biological organization from cells …

Throughout the natural world, organisms have responded to predators, inadequate
resources, or inclement conditions by forming ongoing mutually beneficial partnerships--or …

Like altruism, mutualism, cooperation between species, evolves only by enhancing all
participants' inclusive fitness. Mutualism evolves most readily between members of different …

Mutualisms (interspecific cooperative interactions) are ubiquitously exploited by organisms
that obtain the benefits mutualists offer, while delivering no benefits in return. The natural …

Along with increases in empirical information about interspecific mutualisms have come both
new and refined questions about them. These questions have spurred diversification in the …

The common conception of mutualisms is of interacting species that experience enhanced
performance in the presence of each other. Most mutualisms do not always conform to this …

It is widely believed that mutualisms, interspecific interactions that benefit both species, have
been grossly neglected relative to their true importance in nature. I have reviewed the recent …

M utualisms are inter-specific interactions in which both partners experience a net benefit.
Mutualisms are ubiquitous in nature, as well as extremely diverselJ. They range from …

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1459–1474 Abstract There is growing concern that rapid
environmental degradation threatens mutualistic interactions. Because mutualisms can bind …

The view of nature asred in tooth and claw', as a jungle in which competition and predation
are the predominant themes, has long been important in both the scientific and popular …