Background HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) exist in approximately 50% of
infected individuals even after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV-1 …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein plays an important role in HIV-
associated neuropathogenesis. Astrocytosis and neuron death are two hallmarks of HIV-1 …

Microglia are activated in humans following infection with human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), and brain inflammation is thought to be involved in neuronal injury and dysfunction …

Background The exact mechanism underlying HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders still
remains largely unresolved. However, viral genes (for example gp120 and tat) and their …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein is a major pathogenic factor in HIV-
associated neurological diseases; it exhibits direct neurotoxicity and indirect astrocyte …

Background HIV-1 Tat protein is known to be associated with neuroinflammation, a condition
that develops in almost half of patients infected with HIV-1. HIV-1 Tat can alter glial …

During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 infection, perturbations in neuron–glia
interactions may culminate in neuronal damage. Recently, purinergic receptors have been …

Impaired inflammatory functions may be critical factors in the mechanisms by which HIV-1
enters the CNS. Evidence indicates that a viral gene product, the protein Tat, can markedly …

HIV-1 Tat is known to be neurotoxic and important for HIV/neuroAIDS pathogenesis.
However, the overwhelming majority of the studies involved use of recombinant Tat protein …

One of characteristic features of AIDS-related encephalitis and dementia is the infiltration of
monocytes into the CNS. HIV-1 Tat was demonstrated to facilitate monocyte entry into the …