Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major public health concern despite a large
education effort during the past 25 years. A persistent problem with HIV infection is the high …

HIV-1 infection results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which acts as a rate-limiting
step for HIV-1 entry into the CNS and for subsequent neuroinflammatory/neurotoxic actions …

Up-regulation of adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)
and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription …

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection may develop a dementing illness.
Using both in vitro and in vivo models, we investigated the susceptibility of the hippocampal …

Background We have established that activation of the tryptophan degrading enzyme
indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO) mediates the switch from cytokine-induced sickness …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system may
result in neuronal apoptosis in vulnerable brain regions, including cerebral cortex and basal …

Excitotoxicity and/or microglial reactivity might underlie neurologic dysfunction in HIV
patients. The HIV regulatory protein Tat is both neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory, suggesting …

Patients infected with HIV-1 often exhibit cognitive deficits that are related to progressive
neuronal degeneration and cell death. The protein Tat, which is released from HIV-1 …

It is becoming widely accepted that psychoactive drugs can significantly alter the
progression of neuropathological changes in the HIV-infected brain. The use of cocaine can …

There is increasing evidence that opiates accelerate the pathogenesis and progression of
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), as well as the incidence of human …