Transection, lesion and unit recording studies have localized rapid eye movement (REM)
sleep mechanisms to the pons. Recent work has emphasized the role of pontine cholinergic …

Substance P (SP) has been characterized as an excitatory neurotransmitter and/or
neuromodulator in the peripheral and central nervous systems. It is involved in mediating …

Cholinergic and PACAPergic systems within the oral pontine reticular nucleus (PnO) play a
critical role in REM sleep generation in rats. In this present work, we have investigated …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep disturbance is associated with several psycho-behavioral
disorders, hence, it is important to understand its neural mechanism of regulation. Although …

Serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) cease firing during active sleep
(AS, also called rapid-eye-movement sleep). This cessation of electrical activity is believed …

It has been shown that auditory or somatic stimulation during rapid eye movement (REM)
sleep is capable of producing a significant increase in ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spike …

According to multiple lines of evidence, neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO)
that contain GABA promote sleep by inhibiting neurons of the arousal systems. Reciprocally …

The microinjection of carbachol into the nucleus pontis oralis produces a state which is
polygraphically and behaviorally similar to active sleep (rapid eye movement sleep). In the …

The pedunculopontine (PPN) region of the upper brainstem is recognized as a critical
modulator of activated behavioral states such as wakefulness and rapid eye movement …

The present study was to determine how afferents from the substantia nigra pars reticulata
(SNr) of the basal ganglia to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) in the …