Concomitant immunity (CI) against macroparasites describes a state of effective anti–larval
immunity coupled with persistent adult infection. Experimental studies indicate that …

Host manipulation is a common strategy by which parasites alter the behaviour of their host
to enhance their own fitness. In nature, hosts are usually infected by multiple parasites. This …

A coevolutionary model is developed of the interaction between a host and an internal
parasitoid, where the outcome of parasitism depends upon the extent to which individual …

Hosts have evolved a diverse range of defence mechanisms in response to challenge by
infectious organisms (parasites and pathogens). Whether defence is through avoidance of …

2.1 Introduction tion. In recent studies exploring hypotheses on the evolution of host
manipulation, the original causes of phenotypic changes (ie, answering the …

The ability to manipulate host behaviour is among the most fascinating and best-studied
adaptations of parasites. In this opinion article, we highlight trends and biases in the study of …

The interplay between evolving host populations and evolving parasite populations is
dominated by two key genetically based elements, namely the virulence of parasites and the …

The existence of adaptive host manipulation by parasites has received increasing empirical
support in recent years. Here I develop an optimality model of the extent of host …

Tolerance to parasites reduces the harm that infection causes the host (virulence). Here we
investigate the evolution of parasites in response to host tolerance. We show that parasites …

We examine the evolution of microparasites in response to the immune system of vertebrate
hosts. We first describe a simple model for an acute infection. This model suggests that the …