Startle reflex potentiation versus startle attenuation to unpleasant versus pleasant stimuli
likely reflect priming of the defensive versus appetitive motivational systems, respectively …

Objective: To provide an overview of startle reflex methodologies applied to the examination
of emotional and motivational states in humans and to review the findings in different forms …

In this chapter, we discuss a new method for assessing attention and affect that relies on the
measurement of a simple reflex that occurs in all mammalian species--the startle reflex. The …

Although affective modification of the startle reflex is a robust phenomenon, it does not occur
universally. Research is reviewed suggesting that affective startle modification varies …

Anxious individuals selectively attend to threatening information, and defensiveness may
influence the experience and expression of anxiety. Fifty-eight undergraduates scoring high …

Affective startle modulation is used to study emotional reactivity in humans, and blunted
affective startle modulation has been reported in depressed patients. To determine whether …

Background The startle eye-blink is the cross-species translational tool to study defensive
behavior in affective neuroscience with relevance to a broad range of neuropsychiatric …

Subjects with low/undetectable startle are usually excluded from startle studies but few
reports not confounded by this factor, show reduced startle in healthy impulsive subjects, or …

The startle reflex is attenuated and potentiated when participants are viewing pleasant and
unpleasant images, respectively. Research demonstrates that threatening contexts also …

BackgroundWhile anxiety has been associated with exaggerated emotional reactivity,
depression has been associated with blunted, or context insensitive, emotional responding …