There is evidence that active, pre-emergence maternal brood care in amphipod crustaceans
may be associated with 'harsh'environmental conditions. We examined, in the rockpool …

Fertilized eggs of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, are buried in shallow
nests above the high tide line, where they are exposed to variations in abiotic conditions …

The eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica is an important ecosystem engineer which
promotes biodiversity, yet some key physiological traits, such as the salinity tolerance of …

Females of the calyptraeid gastropod Crepipatella fecunda enclose their fertilized eggs in
thin-walled egg capsules. They then brood these capsules for at least several weeks in the …

Cyrtopleura costata is a pholadid bivalve that inhabits tidal flats inside burrows c. 40 cm
deep, and its visceral mass outgrows its shell significantly. Thus, unlike other bivalves, it …

Freshwater and marine organisms show similar models of parental care and are faced with
similar constraints to brood, which suggest that comparable environmental limits drive the …

A number of marine bivalve taxa, including species of the genus Ostrea, have adopted
brooding of the young in the mantle cavity as a reproductive mechanism. In spite of the …

Encapsulating species face more constraints than active brooders in adjusting oxygen
supply to the needs of the embryos. Therefore, the packing of embryos in gelatinous egg …

Behavioural aspects of the brooding biology of the amphipod crustaceans Lembos websteri
Bate (gonochoristic) and Corophium bonnellii Milne Edwards (parthenogenetic?) were …

Free-spawning marine invertebrates that live near shore or in estuaries may experience
reduced fertilization success during low-salinity events. Although several studies have …