Three types of looming-selective neurons have been found in the nucleus rotundus of
pigeons, each computing a different optical variable related to image expansion of objects …

The image of a rapidly approaching object has to elicit a quick response. An animal needs to
know that the object is approaching on a collision course and how imminent a collision is …

The firing patterns of visual neurons tracking approaching objects need to be translated into
appropriate motor activation sequences to generate escape behaviors. Locusts possess an …

1. We describe a four-layered neural network (Fig. 1), based on the input organization of a
collision signaling neuron in the visual system of the locust, the lobula giant movement …

Visual stimuli representing looming or receding objects can be decomposed into four
parameters: change in luminance; increase or decrease of area; increase or decrease of …

The lobula giant motion detector (LGMD) is a wide-field bilateral visual interneuron in North
American locusts that acts as an angular threshold detector during the approach of a solid …

An essential function of the brain is to detect threats, such as those posed by objects or
predators on a collision course. A wide-field, movement-sensitive visual neuron in the brain …

Sensing is often implicitly assumed to be the passive acquisition of information. However,
part of the sensory information is generated actively when animals move. For instance …

The superior colliculus (SC) in the mammalian mesencephalon is involved in avoidance or
escape behaviors, but little is known about the response properties of collicular neurons to …

The lobula giant motion detector (LGMD) in the locust visual system is a wide-field, motion-
sensitive neuron that responds vigorously to objects approaching the animal on a collision …