Electrophysiological recordings have enabled identification of physiologically distinct yet
behaviorally similar states of mammalian sleep. In contrast, sleep in nonmammals has …

Sleep is a universal physiological state evolutionarily conserved among species, but the
molecular basis for its regulation is still largely unknown. Due to its electroencephalogram …

At its most basic level, the function of mammalian sleep can be described as a restorative
process of the brain and body; recently, however, progressive research has revealed a host …

Highlights•Complex regulation of sleep and wake is traced through mushroom body input
and outputs.•The central complex promotes sleep and mediates sleep-drive.• …

Sleep and wakefulness control in the mammalian brain requires the coordination of various
discrete interconnected neurons. According to the most conventional sleep model, wake …

Sleep is recognized to be ancient in origin, with vertebrates and invertebrates experiencing
behaviorally quiescent states that are regulated by conserved genetic mechanisms [1, 2] …

Although sleep is defined as a behavioral state, at the cortical level sleep has local and use-
dependent features suggesting that it is a property of neuronal assemblies requiring sleep in …

Physiological knowledge of the neural mechanisms regulating sleep and wakefulness has
been advanced by the recent findings concerning sleep/wakefulness-related …

Sleep is homeostatically regulated with sleep pressure accumulating with the increasing
duration of prior wakefulness. Yet, a clear understanding of the molecular components of the …

Highlights•The mechanisms and sites of action for sleep-altering drugs are poorly
understood.•Conditional mouse mutants and optogenetics are identifying critical sleep …