Introduction• Bone biology• The relevance of cell–cell interactions in bone tissue
engineering• Co‐culture models in bone tissue engineering‐Angiogenesis‐Osteochondral …

Osteoporosis resulting from an imbalance of bone turnover between resorption and
formation is a critical health issue worldwide. Estrogen deficiency following a nature aging …

Mortality caused by age-related bone fractures or osteoporosis is steadily increasing
worldwide as the population ages. The pace of the development of bone regeneration …

Bone marrow contains a population of rare progenitor cells capable of differentiating into
bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissues. These cells, referred to as …

Musculoskeletal disorders, as non-healing fractures and large bone defects, articular
cartilage and subchondral bone injuries, often result in lifelong chronic pain and …

Human bone marrow derived‐mesenchymal (skeletal) stem (MSC) cells are a group of non‐
hematopoietic stem cells residing in the perivascular niches in bone marrow. These cells …

Aging is associated with decreased bone mass and accumulation of bone marrow
adipocytes. Both bone forming osteoblastic cells and bone marrow adipocytes are derived …

The skeleton is a high-renewal organ that undergoes ongoing cycles of remodeling. The
regenerative bone formation arm ultimately declines in the aging, postmenopausal skeleton …

Bone marrow stromal/stem cells (BMSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells and have become
the important cell source for cell therapy and engineered tissue repair. Their osteogenic …

Background: Skeletal defects represent a significant socioeconomic burden to the US
healthcare system. Current options for reconstructing osseous deficits have shortcomings …